Non-Jews in Jewish tradition: a comparison or rationalist and mystical approaches

The chapter of Judaism Reclaimed which relates to parashat Chukat uses the Torah’s discussion or ritual impurity (tuma) as a springboard to analyse different rabbinic approaches to the differential between Jews and non-Jews. One phrase, which appears near the start of the parashah, teaches that a certain form of tumah (ohel) is generated by proximity only to a Jewish corpse. This is derived from the words “Adam ki yamut be’ohel” – a person who dies in a tent. Rashi quotes a teaching of Rabbi Shimon bar Yochai that “only you [Jews] are called Adam, the nations of the world are not called Adam”.

Having examined the rationale of this law from both a mystical and symbolic perspective, our attention turns to its derivation. What does it mean to say that non-Jews are not considered “adam”? Doesn’t a nearby verse uses the term “nefesh adam” to refer to a form of tumah which applies equally to corpses of all religious affiliations?

We examine the source of Rabbi Shimon’s statement regarding non-Jews, in which the prophet Yechezkel says “You [the Jews] are adam”. This phrase forms part of a Messianic prophecy that the Jews will return to their former elevated status and “reunite” with God. The implication is that “adam” does not refer to basic humanity, but rather identifies the “tzelem Elokim” that was granted to Adam HaRishon and gives mankind the ability to think freely and contemplate Divine truths. Radak connects this “Adam” description with another prophetic vision which depicts the world as being awash with Divine knowledge and prophecy. When this position is reached, the status of “adam” will truly have been achieved.

This rendering of the word “adam” finds support in the Tiferet Yisrael commentary to Avot. There, Rabbi Yisrael Lifschitz suggests that the word “adam” refers to those charged with the unique mission of the Jewish People, while “bnei adam” is a description of the entire human species of homo sapiens: the common descendants of Adam. The assignment of the special ‘Adam’ status of the Jewish people to their moral and spiritual mission rather than to any inherently enhanced holiness, is consistent with R’ Hirsch’s understanding of the concept of a ‘Chosen Nation’.

Being a holy nation, for R’ Hirsch, means having been set aside and given a responsibility to act as an example to other nations. Drawing on other phrases employed by the Torah such as “my firstborn is Israel” and “a kingdom of priests,” R’ Hirsch teaches that the relationship between Jews and the other nations is more akin to “first among equals.” As the nation chosen to receive God’s word at Sinai, the Jews are charged with carrying His torch in the world and thereby bearing the privilege and responsibility of serving as a light unto the nations.

This puts R’ Hirsch at odds with those approaching the subject from a mystical perspective such the Ohr HaChaim commentary, which explains how the distinction in tumah arises from a qualitative difference between the holiness of Jewish and non-Jewish souls. Such an approach is firmly grounded in Rabbi Yehudah HaLevi’s Kuzari, which proposes that the generations from Adam to Avraham contained many Godly people to whom the “Divine Essence” became attached on an individual basis. Once the Avot and family achieved such a level as a group, this Essence attached to them on a communal and national level so that their descendants are rendered distinctly holy.

R’ Hirsch’s approach is consistent, however, with the position of Rambam who has no place for any inherent holiness differential between the souls of Jews and non-Jews. Having examined Rambam’s position, Judaism Reclaimed brings passages from the Tosefot Yom Tov commentary to Avot of Rabbi Yom Tov Heller, who argues powerfully that Rambam’s understanding is supported by Rabbi Akiva’s statement that all “adam” is created in God’s image. Rabbi Heller argues that Rambam’s position represents the primary Jewish position on the matter and declares himself “astonished” that so many authorities ignore this teaching of Rabbi Akiva, preferring instead the “distant derash” of Rabbi Shimon, mentioned above, which limits the status of “adam” to the Jewish People.

While Rambam therefore views all mankind as having identical souls, his understanding of the Jewish people’s unique status as recorded in the Torah requires further investigation. We develop an approach based upon his statement in Moreh Nevuchim that “the providence of God over them [the Avot] and their descendants will be great”. This implies that the Jewish People has a constant and considerable hashgachah clalit (national Providence) which guides the community as a whole towards the Divine will. It is this unique national providence which ensured that it was the Jewish People who were suitable to receive the Torah at Sinai and be elevated and refined by its teachings.

The chapter concludes with an investigation of Rambam and R’ Hirsch’s views regarding the envisaged relationship between Jews and non-Jews in the Messianic era – a subject which has been the subject of a previous post.

Posted to Facebook 3 July 2022, here, and 1 July 2020, here.